Category: Position

The advice they ask for isn’t the advice they need

What if the most expensive mistake in consulting isn’t getting the answer wrong, but getting the question right on somebody else’s wrong problem?

I saw this on an infrastructure assessment project I reviewed. The technically excellent consultant spent eight weeks conducting a detailed geotechnical analysis. In Week 10, the client reviewed the draft and said, “This isn’t what we needed. We needed options analysis for three different foundation types, not a deep dive on one approach.”

The consultant spent the next four weeks rebuilding the analysis from scratch. Forty hours of work, completely wasted. Why? Because in Week 0, no one had clarified what good looks like. The consultant had assumed. The client had assumed the consultant would ask.

On a $100,000 project, that’s $20,000 of work that added zero value. On a fixed-price contract, that’s $20,000 of pure loss. On a time-and-materials project, that’s a very awkward conversation with a client who is now paying for work twice.

Here is the uncomfortable part. The consultant did exactly what the brief asked. The work was competent, thorough, and useless.

The brief you’re handed is rarely the problem you’re being paid to solve. If you want to move from hired expert to trusted advisor, you need to interrogate the request before you fulfil it. Here are three REASONS why answering the brief as given is the most expensive mistake in consulting.

Reason #1: The Brief Is Written Before the Problem Is Understood

A brief is not a diagnosis. It is a snapshot of the client’s current best guess, written by someone inside the problem, usually under time pressure, and often shaped by what they believe they can get approved.

By the time a brief reaches you, a quiet chain of translation has already occurred. Someone noticed a symptom. Someone else converted that symptom into a presumed cause. A third person converted the presumed cause into a scope of work. Each translation loses information, and each one narrows the field of acceptable answers before an independent mind has examined the evidence.

This is not a criticism of clients. It is a description of how organisations work. Research bears it out: in a survey of 106 C-suite executives across 91 companies, 85 percent agreed their organisations were bad at diagnosing problems, and 87 percent agreed this flaw carried significant costs.1 These are the people signing your engagement letter. They are telling you, in plain terms, that the problem statement you receive has a high probability of being wrong.

The advisory move

Treat the brief as a hypothesis, not an instruction. Before you commit an hour of billable effort, ask the question that reframes everything: “If we solve exactly what this brief describes, what changes for you?” If the answer is vague, the brief is describing a symptom. Keep asking until you reach a decision someone needs to make. That decision is the real engagement.

Reason #2: The Client Is Paying for Judgment, Not Compliance

There is a version of consulting that looks safe: do precisely what was asked, document everything, and deliver on time. No difficult conversations. No challenge to the client’s framing. It feels professional. It is actually a quiet abdication.

Clients can buy compliance anywhere. Labour that follows instructions is a commodity, and it is priced like one. What clients cannot easily buy is judgment: the willingness of an experienced outsider to say, “You’ve asked for X, but the evidence points at Y, and I’d be taking your money under false pretences if I didn’t tell you.”

This is the foundation of the trusted advisor relationship. Maister, Green, and Galford, in the standard work on the subject, argue that trust is built on credibility, reliability, and intimacy, and destroyed by self-orientation.2 Silently delivering a brief you privately doubt is self-orientation in its most respectable disguise. You are protecting your comfort, your scope, and your invoice, at the expense of the client’s outcome.

Here is the paradox worth sitting with: the conversation that feels like it risks the relationship is usually the one that builds it. When you push back on a brief with evidence and care, you demonstrate the one quality that separates an advisor from a contractor. You show the client that your advice is worth more than your obedience.

The advisory move

Never contradict the brief with opinion alone. Bring the client’s own evidence back to them: “Here’s what the data showed when I tested the assumption behind the brief.” Managing client expectations is not about softening bad news. It is about relocating the conversation from what was ordered to what is true.

Reason #3: The Wrong Problem Compounds With Every Deliverable

A wrong answer to the right problem gets corrected quickly. A right answer to the wrong problem gets built upon.

That is what makes this mistake so expensive. Every deliverable you produce against a flawed brief becomes load-bearing. The interim report anchors the steering committee. The options analysis feeds the budget submission. The budget submission shapes the board paper. By the time the mismatch surfaces, unwinding it means unwinding every decision that was stacked on top of it, and your name is attached to the foundations.

The economics of rework make the point bluntly. Studies of construction projects have measured direct rework costs at around 5 percent of contract value, with indirect costs pushing the true figure far higher.3 Consulting is not different in kind, only in visibility. The rework tax on advisory work is hidden in extended timelines, re-run analyses, and the slow erosion of a client’s confidence, which is the one asset you cannot re-bill.

Quality professionals call the underlying pattern the 1-10-100 rule. A problem that costs one unit to prevent at the framing stage costs ten to correct mid-delivery and a hundred to remediate after the work has shipped. Problem framing is the cheapest work you will ever do on an engagement. It is also the work most consultants skip, because it feels like delay and the client is anxious to see activity.

The advisory move

Build a framing checkpoint into every engagement, before substantive work begins. One page: the decision to be made, the evidence that would change it, the stakeholders who must accept it, and what “done” looks like. If the client won’t invest an hour in that page, you have learned something important about the engagement you are about to sign.

The Short Version

The brief is a hypothesis written by someone inside the problem, so test it before you build on it. The client is paying for your judgment, and delivering silent compliance is a breach of that contract, however polished the deliverable. And a wrong problem compounds: every report stacked on a flawed framing multiplies the cost of the eventual correction.

None of this requires genius. It requires the discipline to pause at the exact moment when momentum, anxiety, and the client’s own urgency are all pushing you to start.

Imagine your next engagement beginning differently. Before a single analysis is run, you and the client agree on the decision at stake, the question that matters, and what a useful answer looks like. Weeks later, your report lands and nobody says, “This isn’t what we needed.” They say, “This is what we should have asked for.” That sentence, repeated across a career, is what turns an expert into an advisor, and an advisor into the first phone call.

When a client hands you their next brief, will you price the work as written, or will you first find out what they are actually trying to decide?

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1 Thomas Wedell-Wedellsborg, “Are You Solving the Right Problems?,” Harvard Business Review 95, no. 1 (January–February 2017): 76–83.

2 David H. Maister, Charles H. Green, and Robert M. Galford, The Trusted Advisor (New York: Free Press, 2000).

3 Peter E. D. Love, “Influence of Project Type and Procurement Method on Rework Costs in Building Construction Projects,” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 128, no. 1 (2002): 18–29.

Most technical consultants are not short of expertise.

They are short of protected conditions for using that expertise well.

The options paper gets written between meetings. The expert review happens after three client calls and a morning of email. The proposal follow-up gets pushed to Friday afternoon, then disappears. The client day technically ends, but the unresolved questions, relationship concerns and half-finished deliverables keep running in the background.

On paper, the practice is busy.

Client work is moving. Meetings are happening. Reports are being drafted. Questions are being answered. The consultant looks responsive, useful and professionally committed.

But underneath the activity, the practice may be leaking value in three places.

The first leak is advisory time.

This is the time required for deep expert work: technical options assessment, risk judgement, feasibility synthesis, strategic recommendations, expert review, workshop design, due diligence, or the kind of advisory thinking that only works because it comes from years of accumulated judgement.

This is the work clients are really paying for.

But in many technical consulting practices, this work happens in fragments. It is squeezed between meetings, interrupted by messages, or pushed to the wrong part of the day when the best thinking has already been spent on operational noise.

The consultant still produces the work. The client still gets the deliverable. But the work is being produced in conditions that reduce its quality.

That is the hidden cost.

The second leak is business development momentum.

Most independent consultants understand that business development matters. They know they should be maintaining relationships, following up with past clients, publishing useful thinking, refining their positioning, building referral pathways and keeping the next opportunity warm.

But business development has a structural disadvantage.

Client delivery has deadlines. Client delivery has people waiting. Client delivery has immediate consequences. Business development is important, but rarely urgent. So when delivery gets heavy, business development quietly disappears.

The practice then enters the familiar cycle.

Delivery is full, so business development is deferred. The engagement ends or slows, so the pipeline looks thin. Business development becomes reactive. The consultant starts chasing conversations, rushing proposals, discounting too easily, or accepting work that is close enough rather than right enough.

Then a new engagement lands, delivery fills the week again, and business development disappears again.

That is not a discipline problem. It is a practice architecture problem.

The third leak is recovery capacity.

This one is easier to ignore because it looks personal rather than commercial.

The consultant closes the laptop, but the client work does not close with it. An unresolved conversation keeps replaying. A delayed deliverable creates background anxiety. A client email needs a thoughtful response. A proposal is out, but no follow-up has been scheduled. The brain keeps carrying the practice into the evening.

The cost is not just lower quality rest. It is lower quality thinking the next day.

For technical consultants, recovery is not a lifestyle luxury. It protects tomorrow’s expert judgement. A tired, mentally loaded consultant does not produce the same clarity, precision or strategic usefulness as one who has properly closed the client day.

These three leaks, advisory time, business development momentum and recovery capacity, often get mistaken for separate problems.

• The fragmented expert work looks like a time management problem.
• The inconsistent business development looks like a sales problem.
• The client access pressure looks like a responsiveness problem.
• The evening rumination looks like a work-life balance problem.

But they usually have the same root cause: the consulting practice is running without a deliberate operating system.

A technical consulting practice, left to run on default settings, will usually serve today’s clients at the expense of tomorrow’s practice. Not because the consultant is careless. Usually the opposite. The consultant is committed, responsive and professionally serious.

That is exactly why the leak happens.

The calendar fills with client requests. The inbox stays close because responsiveness feels like professionalism. Business development gets fitted into the gaps. Deep advisory work gets done whenever there is a spare block. Recovery depends on whether the day happens to end cleanly.

That is not a system. That is drift.

The fix is not to work harder.

Most technical consultants are already working hard enough. Some are working too hard on the wrong parts of the practice.

The fix is to identify where the practice is leaking, then install the right control points.

• What work actually earns your fee?
• Where is that work being fragmented?
• Where is business development being displaced?
• What client access standard have you trained clients to expect?
• Does the client day actually end, or does it keep following you into recovery time?

Is there a weekly control loop that catches the drift before it becomes a pattern?

These are architecture questions.

And once you see the leak clearly, the next fix becomes much more obvious.

The Technical Consultant’s Focus System builds the weekly structure that protects these three things:

1. Advisory time: the expert work clients actually pay for
2. Business development momentum: the work that keeps the future practice alive
3. Recovery capacity: the clean end to the day that protects tomorrow’s thinking

The mechanism is practice architecture: five practical control points that stop the week being run by urgency, client access, operational noise, and good intentions.

The Technical Consultant’s Focus System: protect your expert work, keep business development moving, and stop client demands from running your week.

Most consultants started with a version of the same plan.

Leave employment, take your expertise with you, and build a practice around what you know. It’s a reasonable plan. For a while, it often works.

But expertise, by itself, is not a business. It’s raw material.

The consultant’s version of the hidden expert problem

Employed professionals often become hidden experts, doing valuable work that never reaches beyond their employer, team, or immediate manager.

Consultants face a version of the same problem. The difference is that for consultants, the consequences arrive faster and hurt more directly.

You can be technically excellent and still struggle to fill your pipeline. You can do outstanding work and still find that clients don’t refer you.

You can have 20 years of hard-won judgement and still find it difficult to explain your value to a prospect who doesn’t already know you.

The issue isn’t competence. It almost never is.

The issue is that expertise and commercial leverage are not the same thing.

Expertise is capability. Leverage is what it does for you.

Leverage means your expertise creates options.

It attracts clients who aren’t just people you already know. It makes you referable to people who’ve never met you. It gives you a professional identity that’s bigger than your last client engagement. It lets you choose the work rather than just accepting what comes through.

Most consultants I’ve seen struggle commercially are not short on expertise. They’re short on leverage. And the reason is usually one of five traps.

1. The methodology trap. Your expertise is real, but it’s trapped inside your own head. You solve problems through instinct and experience, but you’ve never captured the method. That makes you hard to trust from a distance and impossible to price systematically.
2. The delivery trap. You’re so busy doing the work that you never extract the thinking behind the work. Your insight stays buried in project deliverables, meeting notes, and emails that nobody outside the project will ever read.
3. The language trap. You describe what you do in the language of your discipline, not the language of your client’s problem. “I provide strategic advisory services in transport planning” is accurate. It is not compelling.
4. The visibility trap. Your reputation is strong with clients who know you. Beyond them, you’re largely invisible. You’re not creating content, not building public authority, not maintaining a presence that works when you’re not in the room.
5. The referral trap. People like you and respect you, but they can’t easily explain what you do to someone else. If your value isn’t clear and specific, referrals stay soft or don’t happen at all.

The shift from expert to value creator

This is where the work is. Not becoming someone you’re not. Not building a personal brand that makes you cringe. Not turning yourself into a content machine.

The shift is simpler than that.

It’s translating your expertise into the language of the problems you solve.

“I am a civil engineer” is a credential. “I help infrastructure organisations make better long-term investment decisions under uncertainty” is a value proposition.

“I am an independent management consultant” is a job description. “I help leadership teams in complex technical organisations align on strategy before they commit capital” is a commercial statement.

“I have 25 years in financial services” is experience. “I help mid-sized firms understand what’s actually driving client attrition before they lose another year to the wrong retention strategy” is something a client can act on.

The translation is not wordsmithing. It’s the work of understanding exactly who you help, what they’re struggling with, and what becomes possible when they work with you.

A quick self-audit

Ask yourself these questions honestly:

1. Can you explain what you do in one sentence that a non-specialist prospect would find immediately useful?
2. Do you have a documented methodology, or is your approach mostly tacit?
3. Do people who don’t know you well understand what problems to bring to you?
4. Is your pipeline built on relationships alone, or are there assets working for you when you’re not in front of someone?
5. If your three best clients stopped renewing, how quickly could you replace that revenue?

These aren’t branding questions. They’re business resilience questions.

The uncomfortable truth

Leaving employment was the first act of independence. But professional independence for a consultant isn’t a destination; it’s a discipline.

It means continually asking whether your expertise is doing commercial work, or whether you’re still hoping that good work will speak for itself. It often mumbles.

The consultants who build durable, profitable practices aren’t necessarily the most technically accomplished. They’re the ones who’ve done the harder work of making their expertise visible, specific, and easy to buy.

That’s the shift from expert to practice.

This week

Write one sentence that translates your expertise into client value. Use this format: I help [specific people] solve [specific problem] so they can [specific outcome].

Don’t workshop it to death. Get a first draft on paper. That sentence is where your practice starts to get traction.

How proprietary frameworks change the commercial structure of your practice

What if the expertise you’ve spent years developing is worth significantly more than what you’re currently charging for it, and the gap isn’t about skill?

Most consultants carry their best thinking inside their heads. The ones who build lasting practices put it somewhere else.

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When Bruce Henderson founded the Boston Consulting Group in 1963, he was a one-person operation competing against established management consultancies with deep client relationships and significant resources. He had no institutional brand, no famous alumni network, and no track record as a firm.

What he had was a way of thinking about business problems that no one had formalised.

Henderson spent the first years of BCG developing and packaging that thinking into transferable frameworks. The Experience Curve1, the observation that unit costs fall predictably as cumulative output increases, gave clients a new way to understand competitive dynamics. The Growth-Share Matrix2 gave diversified corporations a structured way to decide which business units to fund, grow, and divest. These were not just consulting tools. They were BCG’s intellectual property, proprietary thinking that clients could not get from anyone else.

The effect on the firm was structural. BCG’s frameworks became the reason to hire BCG. Not a particular partner’s relationship, not a competitive rate, but the thinking itself. The frameworks preceded the conversation, established credibility, and justified the fee before any proposal was written.

By the time Henderson retired in 1985, BCG had more than 1,300 employees and offices across the world. The Financial Times, in his 1992 obituary, noted that few people had had as much impact on international business in the second half of the 20th century. He hadn’t built that by being a good consultant. He had built it by packaging what he knew.

Every consultant should stop treating their expertise as something that only comes alive inside an engagement, and start packaging it into frameworks that work while they don’t. Here are three compelling reasons why consultants who own their thinking win more work, command higher fees, and build practices that scale.

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Reason #1: A Framework Makes Your Thinking Visible Before the Engagement Begins

Most consultants become credible through delivery. The client hires them; the work is done well; trust accumulates; and, over time, a reputation forms. This is a legitimate path. It is also a slow one, and it depends entirely on clients giving you the first opportunity.

A proprietary framework inverts the sequence. When your thinking is structured, named, and visible, through a white paper, a methodology described on your website, a model you reference consistently in your content, prospective clients can evaluate your approach before they meet you. The credibility arrives in advance. The first conversation begins from a different starting point.

This is not a theoretical advantage. Research from VantaInsights’ 2026 consulting industry analysis found that firms with proprietary frameworks and sector-specific intellectual property are consistently commanding premium pricing, while generalist delivery at standard rates faces increasing margin compression from boutique specialists.3 The mechanism is straightforward: a named framework signals a developed point of view. A developed point of view signals accumulated expertise. Accumulated expertise commands attention before the conversation about fees has begun.

For a solo consultant without an institutional brand to rely on, this matters more, not less. The large firms have brand recognition and do the pre-selling work. The independent practitioner needs something else. A framework, even a simple one, gives a prospective client something concrete to evaluate, discuss, and anchor their decision on. It makes your thinking legible in the same way that a published book makes an author’s thinking legible: before you have met them, you already know how they approach the world.

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Reason #2: Named Thinking Commands Higher Fees Than Unnamed Expertise

There is an important distinction between having expertise and owning it. A consultant who has spent twenty years solving a particular category of problem has genuine expertise. If that expertise exists only as experience, unstructured, unnamed, expressed differently in every engagement, it is difficult for a client to assess its value. Difficult to assess means difficult to price. Difficulty pricing means the default is to compare with whoever else is available, which makes the rate the primary differentiator.

A named framework changes that dynamic. When a consultant can say, “my approach to this problem is the X Framework, here is how it works and why it produces better outcomes than alternatives,” they are no longer selling time and effort. They are selling a system. Systems are inherently more valuable than raw effort because they imply repeatability, predictability, and reduced risk. Clients pay more for confidence in the outcome. A named methodology produces that confidence in a way that unstructured expertise cannot.

The data support this consistently. Research on independent consultant pricing found that those who package their services and price based on outcomes rather than hours systematically out-earn peers operating on hourly billing models, not because their underlying expertise is superior, but because the packaging communicates value more effectively.4 The expertise is the same. The commercial result is different because the presentation is different.

This is not about fabricating credibility. It is about making genuine credibility visible. The consultant who has developed real expertise over years of practice often undersells it by leaving it unstructured. Packaging that expertise into a named framework is not marketing spin; it is an act of intellectual honesty. It says: I have thought hard enough about this to give it structure. That, in itself, is a signal worth paying for.

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Reason #3: Packaged IP Is the Only Consulting Asset That Scales Beyond Your Available Hours

Every consultant who sells time hits the same ceiling. There are a finite number of hours in a working week, a finite number of engagements that can be managed simultaneously, and a finite amount of revenue that a practice built on personal delivery can generate. This ceiling is not a failure of effort or ambition. It is a structural feature of any business model that trades time for money.

Packaged intellectual property breaks the structure.

A framework, once developed, can be deployed in a workshop, embedded in a diagnostic tool, licensed to other practitioners, published as a book, or taught as a programme. It can generate value for ten clients simultaneously while you are engaged with one. It can work in your absence. It can reach people who will never hire you directly but who will refer others, buy your books, or join your programs. Henderson’s Growth-Share Matrix didn’t require Henderson to be in the room. It worked, and went on working, because it had been given a structure that existed independently of him.

A 2025 Harvard Business Review Analytic Services report found that consulting firms leveraging proprietary frameworks and reusable intellectual property delivered up to 40 percent faster time-to-value for clients, compared with firms relying on custom-built approaches for every engagement.5 The client benefit is real. So is the commercial benefit to the consultant: fewer hours spent re-inventing an approach, more consistent outcomes, and a practice that becomes more efficient, not less, as it grows.

The constraint most consultants face is not a shortage of knowledge. It is a shortage of leverage. Packaged IP is leverage. It is the mechanism by which what you know can reach further than where you are.

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Putting It Together

The three reasons are connected by a single underlying logic: packaging your thinking makes it work independently of you.

A framework makes you credible before the client meets you. It justifies a fee structure that reflects the value of a system rather than the cost of time. And it creates assets that compound, generating reach, reputation, and revenue beyond what delivery alone can produce.

Henderson built BCG on this principle before the concept of intellectual property in professional services had a name. The principle has not changed. What has changed is its accessibility. A consultant today does not need a research team or a publishing deal to package their thinking. They need clarity about what they know, the discipline to structure it, and the confidence to put it in front of the people most likely to benefit from it.

Imagine what becomes possible when your best thinking is no longer locked inside your engagements, when it exists as something a prospective client can encounter, evaluate, and return to, independent of whether you are available to explain it. That is not a larger version of a consulting practice built on delivery. It is a fundamentally different kind of practice.

What is one insight, approach, or pattern from your work that you have never named, and what would it take to give it a structure?

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1 https://www.bcg.com/publications/1968/business-unit-strategy-growth-experience-curve

2 https://www.bcg.com/about/overview/our-history/growth-share-matrix

3 VantaInsights, “Consulting Industry Trends: Data and Market Analysis 2026,” May 2026, https://vantainsights.com/insights/consulting-industry-trends.

4 Melisa Liberman, “Consulting Statistics 2025: Insights for Independent Consultants,” melisaliberman.com, August 26, 2025, https://www.melisaliberman.com/blog/consulting-statistics.

5 Tredence, “7 Qualities for a Consulting Partner in 2026: Strategy, Execution, and AI,” tredence.com, citing Harvard Business Review Analytic Services 2025 report on proprietary frameworks and reusable IP, https://www.tredence.com/blog/7-qualities-businesses-should-seek-in-their-consulting-partners-in-2026.

Why the insight beyond the brief is the one clients remember

The advice that wins more work is rarely the advice the client asked for.

Most consultants wait to be asked. The ones who consistently win more work don’t.

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There is a passage in Hold the Line that I return to often when thinking about what retained client relationships actually require. It describes what clients are buying in a retainer arrangement — not a defined deliverable, but something harder to name:

“Ongoing access, expertise, continuity, and the accumulated context that a trusted advisor develops over time. These are real and often substantial forms of value. They are also largely invisible. The value of having a trusted advisor available when a difficult decision arises is not measurable in outputs.”

That invisibility cuts both ways. The advisor who has accumulated genuine context about a client’s business — its pressures, its internal politics, its emerging risks — possesses something genuinely valuable. But if they only deploy that knowledge when a specific question is asked, most of it sits dormant. The client receives competent delivery. They do not receive the full benefit of what the advisor actually knows.

The gap between those two things is where the most important consulting relationships are won or lost.

Every consultant should develop the habit of sharing proactive insight with clients — even when it falls outside the brief. Here are three compelling reasons why giving advice no one asked for is one of the most reliable ways to deepen client relationships and win more work.

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Reason #1: It Changes How the Client Perceives You — From Vendor to Advisor

The distinction between a vendor and an advisor is not primarily about what you know. It is about how you behave with what you know.

A vendor performs the work. They arrive with a scope, they deliver against it, and they invoice when the deliverable is complete. This is not a criticism — excellent vendors are genuinely useful. But the vendor relationship has a structural ceiling. The client defines the work. The consultant executes it. The commercial dynamic is transactional, and transactional relationships are, by nature, replaceable. When the project ends, the relationship pauses. When a similar need arises, the client goes back to market.

An advisor operates differently. They bring observations the client didn’t request. They share a concern that emerged at the edge of their engagement — something they noticed while doing the agreed work that has implications the client hasn’t yet seen. They don’t wait for the question. They bring the answer before the question has been formed.

This behavioural difference, seemingly small in any single interaction, accumulates into something structural over time. It changes the category the consultant occupies in the client’s mind.

Research from Matt Dixon and Rory Channer’s The Activator Advantage — drawn from a quantitative study of nearly 3,000 professional services partners across consulting, law, accounting, and investment banking — found that the top-performing partners shared one defining behaviour: they proactively brought new ideas, risks, and opportunities to clients without being asked. This group, which the research termed Activators, generated disproportionately more work and more durable client relationships than any other type. Only 15–20% of partners naturally operate this way. Yet the behaviour itself is learnable.¹

The first step toward it is recognising that the advice no one asked for is often the advice that matters most. When a consultant surfaces something the client didn’t know to ask about, they are demonstrating something a well-executed deliverable cannot: that they are paying attention to the client’s world, not just their brief.

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Reason #2: It Increases Client Retention by Making You Harder to Replace

The economics of client retention in professional services are well established, and consistently underestimated by consultants focused on new business development.

Bain and Company research — validated repeatedly across professional services contexts — found that a five percent improvement in client retention increases profits by 25 to 95 percent. The range is wide because it varies by practice type and engagement model, but the direction is unambiguous: keeping a client is significantly more valuable, commercially, than finding a new one. The cost of acquisition, the time required to build working context, the revenue gap during transition — all of these accumulate in ways that make existing client relationships among the most valuable assets a practice holds.²

Yet most consultants manage retention implicitly rather than deliberately. They deliver good work and hope the relationship continues. What they rarely do is actively invest in making themselves harder to replace.

Proactive insight is one of the most effective ways to do this — not through manufactured contact or formulaic check-in calls, but through the genuine sharing of relevant observations. When a consultant regularly brings something worth thinking about — a risk forming in the client’s sector, a pattern they are observing across similar engagements, a question the client’s team hasn’t yet thought to ask — they are building something the client cannot easily find elsewhere: accumulated context applied actively, rather than held in reserve.

A replacement consultant starts from zero. They do not know the organisation’s history, its internal language, its prior decisions and the logic behind them, the sensitivities that shape how recommendations land. A consultant who has been consistently present — not just in delivery, but in thinking — has built a working knowledge that is genuinely difficult and costly to replicate. Proactive insight is the mechanism through which that knowledge becomes visible to the client, and therefore valued by them.

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Reason #3: It Creates Revenue Opportunities the Client Didn’t Know They Needed

The most common route to expanded consulting work is the one least often taken deliberately: the client identifies a new need and asks the consultant to help. This is a reasonable development model. It is also entirely passive. The consultant is waiting for the client’s awareness to catch up with the problem.

Proactive insight reverses the dynamic. When a consultant brings an observation — a risk, an inefficiency, an emerging issue at the edge of their current engagement — they are not just being helpful. They are surfacing a need that may not yet have a name. And a need with a name is a potential engagement.

This is not the same as upselling. The distinction matters. Upselling is the consultant looking for opportunities to expand scope for commercial reasons. Proactive insight is the consultant sharing what they genuinely observe, regardless of whether it leads anywhere commercially. The first is self-oriented and clients read it accurately. The second is client-oriented, and clients read that accurately too.

The commercial consequence of the second approach, however, is significant. Research from SPI Research found that professional services firms running structured client engagement programmes — with regular proactive touchpoints rather than reactive communication — grew revenue 57 percent faster than those without.³ The mechanism is straightforward: clients who are regularly presented with relevant thinking from their advisor identify new needs more readily, because they have a trusted interpreter helping them make sense of their environment.

The consultant who only speaks when spoken to leaves that interpretive role unfilled. The client either fills it internally — often less effectively — or finds someone else to fill it. Either way, the original consultant has missed the opportunity not through poor work, but through an absence of presence between engagements.

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Putting It Together

The three reasons are not independent. Each one compounds the others.

When a client perceives you as an advisor rather than a vendor, they are more likely to stay. When they stay, you accumulate the context that makes your proactive observations genuinely relevant. When your observations are relevant, they surface needs. When needs surface, they become work.

The mechanism is not complicated. What makes it uncommon is the willingness to act on it consistently — to send the note, raise the question, share the observation, even when there is no immediate commercial reason to do so. The investment is real. The return is disproportionate.

Imagine what becomes possible when every client you work with thinks of you not as the consultant they hired for a specific project, but as the person they call when something difficult is forming on the horizon. Not occasionally. Reliably. That is not the result of better proposals or more polished presentations. It is the result of a habit — the habit of sharing what you notice, before you are asked.

What is one observation you are currently holding back from a client — and what would it cost you, actually, to share it?

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Footnotes

1. Matt Dixon and Rory Channer, The Activator Advantage: What Today’s Rainmakers Do Differently (2025), summarised in Roger Dooley, “The Activator Advantage with Matt Dixon,” Brainfluence, May 20, 2025, https://www.rogerdooley.com/activator-advantage-matt-dixon/.
2. Involve Digital, “Client Retention Strategies for Service Businesses 2026,” April 15, 2026, https://www.involvedigital.com/insights/client-retention-strategies-professional-services. Citing Bain & Company research on client retention economics in professional services.
3. Involve Digital, “Client Retention Strategies for Service Businesses 2026,” April 15, 2026, https://www.involvedigital.com/insights/client-retention-strategies-professional-services. Citing SPI Research 2026 data on revenue growth in firms with structured client engagement programmes.

How clarity attracts clients marketing never could

What if the reason clients aren’t finding you has nothing to do with your marketing and everything to do with your position?

Most consultants don’t have a marketing problem. They have a positioning problem.

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In an analysis of 140 consultants who consistently generate inbound work on LinkedIn, a striking pattern emerged. Just 19 of them were high-frequency content creators, posting daily, commenting constantly, working the platform hard. The other 121 were barely posting by conventional standards.

Yet both groups were winning clients.

The difference wasn’t effort. The high-frequency group worked. It required exceptional content and a community already formed around their ideas. The 121 others had stopped optimising for engagement and started optimising for something more fundamental: being found by the right people in the right way.

What separated them wasn’t volume. It was positioning. They knew, with uncommon specificity, what problem they solved, for whom, and why it mattered. Their occasional posts didn’t need to go viral because when the right person encountered them, the message was unambiguous.

The analyst who ran the research put it plainly: most LinkedIn activity is productive procrastination. Activity keeps you busy. Positioning keeps you booked.1

The distinction matters more than most consultants realise, and it is the one most consistently ignored in favour of tactics.

Every consultant can build a position that attracts qualified work, without posting daily or chasing the algorithm, by taking three deliberate steps to define what they stand for and who they stand for it with.

Step #1: Achieve Clarity on the Problem Only You Are Positioned to Solve

Positioning begins with a question most consultants find genuinely uncomfortable: what is the specific problem you solve, stated precisely enough that the person experiencing it would immediately recognise themselves in the description?

Not “I help organisations improve performance.” Not “I support leaders through change.” These are categories, not positions. They describe what you do in the same terms that fifty other practitioners would use. A prospective client scanning them has no way to distinguish you from anyone else, which means the primary differentiator becomes price.

The problem with imprecise positioning is not that it attracts too few clients. It is that it attracts the wrong ones, clients who arrived not because they believed you were uniquely suited to their situation, but because you were available and your rate was acceptable. Those engagements are harder to price, harder to scope, and harder to do well.

Clarity about your core problem changes the structure of the commercial conversation before it begins. When a prospective client arrives, having encountered your thinking on the exact challenge they are facing, the first conversation does not need to establish credibility. It begins from it. The positioning has already done the persuasion work in advance.

This is the mechanism behind a finding that should give every generalist pause: according to data from a study of consultants across practice areas, 52% of niche specialists charge $10,000 or more per project, compared with just 18% of generalists achieving the same rate.2 The revenue gap is not primarily a function of skill. It is a function of perceived fit, and perceived fit is a positioning outcome.

The diagnostic question is straightforward. Can you describe the problem you solve in a single sentence that is specific enough to be wrong for most people, but unmistakably right for the client you are best equipped to serve? If the answer is no, you do not yet have a position. You have a service description.

Step #2: Achieve Specificity About the Client Most Likely to Have That Problem

A defined problem still requires a defined client. The two are not the same, and conflating them is one of the more common errors consultants make when trying to sharpen their positioning.

You can name a problem with precision and still leave the client undefined. “Helping engineering firms reduce project overruns” is more specific than “helping organisations improve performance,” but it still leaves open a wide range of client types, small firms, large firms, public sector, private sector, different technical disciplines, each of which has a different context, a different decision-making process, and a different set of concerns about engaging outside help. Content that speaks to all of them simultaneously speaks compellingly to none of them.

Specificity about the client is what makes the positioning legible to the people who refer work. Referral networks operate on pattern recognition. When someone in your network encounters a prospective client with a problem, the name that surfaces is the name most clearly associated with that type of problem for that type of client. Generalist positioning produces vague referrals. Specialist positioning produces actionable ones.

Research on specialist versus generalist framing consistently finds that specialist positioning triggers higher trust, particularly when a prospective buyer is making fast judgements, which is the normal condition for senior professionals evaluating whether to engage outside expertise.3 The client is not conducting a rigorous procurement process. They are quickly asking themselves whether this person understands my situation. Specificity answers that question before they have to ask it.

The practical test is this: can you describe your ideal client specifically enough that they would recognise themselves, and broadly enough that there are sufficient numbers of them to sustain a practice? A client defined by industry, seniority, and the specific trigger that typically prompts them to seek outside help is usually specific enough to be memorable and broad enough to be commercially viable.

Step #3: Achieve Consistency Across Every Channel Before Scaling Any Marketing Activity

The third step is the one most commonly skipped, which is why the first two steps so rarely produce the results they should.

A consultant who has achieved clarity on their problem and specificity about their client still needs to ensure that the position is communicated consistently across their LinkedIn profile, website, email signature, how they introduce themselves at a conference, and the language in their proposals. Inconsistency between these touchpoints forces the prospective client to resolve the contradiction themselves, and most will not bother. They will simply move on.

This is where the 121 consultants in the earlier study had an advantage; the high-frequency posters often lacked. Their positioning was coherent. Every place a prospective client could find them told the same story. Their low posting frequency was not a liability because the message’s consistency compensated for the volume.

Consistency also produces a compounding effect that is difficult to manufacture through marketing activity alone. Research on niche-focused practices consistently finds that the compounding benefits, stronger referrals, better qualified enquiries, and reduced price sensitivity typically begin to gain traction after six to twelve months of consistent positioning.4 This is not a particularly long horizon by any standard business measure. But it does mean that consistency must precede scaling. Scaling an inconsistent position accelerates noise, not signal.

The practical sequence is to audit every client-facing touchpoint against a single positioning statement before producing any new content. If the profile, the website, the introductory language, and the proposal template all reflect the same position, you are ready to increase marketing activity. If they do not, more content will compound the confusion.

Putting It Together

The three steps are not independent. Each one builds the conditions for the next.

Clarity on the problem gives you something worth saying. Specificity about the client gives you someone worth saying it to. Consistency across channels ensures that the message reaches the right person in a coherent form, regardless of where they first encounter your work.

Marketing activity, content, posts, outreach, and speaking are most effective when they build on a clear position. Without that foundation, activity produces impressions. With it, the same activity produces enquiries from people who, before they contact you, have already concluded that you are likely the right choice.

The consultants who generate the most consistent inbound work are rarely the most visible. They are the most clearly positioned. Visibility follows positioning. It does not substitute for it.

Imagine what becomes possible when every prospective client who encounters your work, whether through a post, a referral, or a profile search, arrives already understanding what you do, who you do it for, and why that matters to them. Not occasionally. Reliably. That is not the result of a better content strategy. It is the result of a clear position, consistently held.

What would a prospective client find if they searched for you today; and would it be specific enough to make them feel they had found exactly the right person?

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Footnotes:

1 Melanie Goodman, “I Analysed 140 LinkedIn Profiles,” Substack, April 2026, https://melaniegoodmanlinkedinconsultant.substack.com/p/i-analysed-140-linkedin-profiles.

2 Simply.coach, “23 Consulting Niches That Actually Make Money (And How to Choose Yours),” Simply.coach Blog, 16 January 2026. https://simply.coach/blog/profitable-consulting-niches/

3 Yoon Jae Koh and S. Shyam Sundar, “Heuristic versus Systematic Processing of Specialist versus Generalist Sources in Online Media,” Human Communication Research 36, no. 2 (2010): 103–124

4 ContempThemes, “The Economics of Niche Positioning in Real Estate,” ContempThemes.com, 5 March 2026

Three things clients observe before they decide to give you real access

Your new client is already deciding whether to trust you. The question is whether you know which moments they’re using to make that call.

In The Trusted Advisor, David Maister and his co-authors open with an observation that most consultants find uncomfortable: clients almost never evaluate you on the quality of your technical work, at least not initially. They can’t. They don’t have the expertise to assess whether your methodology is superior or your analysis is the best available. What they can assess, and what they assess continuously in the early weeks of an engagement, is whether you seem to be on their side.

Maister describes a pattern repeated across law firms, consulting practices, and accounting firms. Advisers who led with credentials, frameworks, and prior case studies tended to win engagements on paper and lose the relationship in practice. Clients felt processed rather than heard. The advisers who slowed down, asked questions they didn’t already know the answer to, and demonstrated genuine curiosity about the client’s specific situation were the ones who received referrals, repeat work, and access to senior stakeholders that the technically superior advisers never reached.

The trust was not built through competence. It was built through behaviour. Small, early, observable behaviour.

The client across the table from you is running a quiet assessment you were never told about. Here are three behaviours that determine whether you pass it or fail it, often without realising either has happened.

Behaviour #1: Whether You Slow Down to Understand Before You Move to Solve

The instinct is understandable. You were hired for your expertise. The client has a problem. The problem looks familiar. You know what good looks like. The temptation is to move quickly toward the answer, because speed signals competence, and competence is what you are being paid for.

This instinct, reliably, costs you.

What the client observes in those early interactions is not whether you have the right answer. They cannot yet verify that. What they observe is how you treat their version of the problem before you have imposed your own. If you move quickly to solve, the implicit message is that you already understand enough that their context, their constraints, and their specific history with this issue are not particularly relevant to the solution you have in mind.

That message lands. Clients rarely articulate it. They simply become less forthcoming. The information they share becomes more curated. The access they grant becomes more managed. The relationship settles into something cordially professional that never becomes genuinely useful.

Edgar Schein spent five decades studying helping relationships across organisations and distilled his observations into what he called humble inquiry, the practice of asking questions driven by genuine curiosity rather than questions designed to confirm what you already believe you understand.1 The distinction, he found, was visible to the person being asked. Clients know when they are being listened to and when they are being processed. They adjust their behaviour accordingly.

Slowing down is not a soft skill. It is a trust mechanism. The consultant who takes longer to understand earns earlier access to the real problem. The one who moves quickly to solve often spends months working on a version presented.

Behaviour #2: Whether Your Attention Is on the Client’s Problem or Your Own Performance

Every consultant enters an engagement with something at stake beyond the work itself. There is a reputation to maintain. There is a first impression to manage. There is an anxiety, often unspoken, about whether this client will come away satisfied, and what they will say to others if they are not.

That anxiety is normal. What matters is where it directs your attention.

A consultant whose attention is oriented toward their own performance, toward how they are coming across, whether they are being perceived as capable, whether the client seems impressed, is in a fundamentally different relational posture than one whose attention is on the client’s actual situation. The difference is detectable, even if the client cannot name it precisely.

Research in organisational psychology on what is termed self-focused versus other-focused attention in advisory contexts consistently finds that clients report higher trust, greater candour, and stronger satisfaction in relationships where they perceive the adviser to be primarily engaged with their problem rather than their own image.2 This is not about suppressing professional confidence. It is about the direction of attention in any given conversation.

The practical signal is simpler than it sounds. A consultant oriented toward their own performance tends to talk more in early meetings, filling the silence, volunteering analysis, and demonstrating that they have thought about the problem. A consultant oriented toward the client’s situation tends to ask more, listen without immediately moving to interpretation, and tolerate not having an answer until one is genuinely warranted.

Clients notice which mode you are in. They do not describe it in those terms. They describe it as: he really seemed to get it. Or: I’m not sure she was really listening. Those assessments are made early, they are sticky, and they shape the quality of information you receive for the remainder of the engagement.

Behaviour #3: Whether You Keep Small Commitments No One Is Tracking

Trust in a professional relationship is not established through a single significant gesture. It is established through the accumulation of small, kept commitments, most of which the client registers without ever explicitly noting.

You said you would send the document by Thursday. It arrives on Wednesday afternoon. You mentioned you would look into a specific issue and come back with a view. You come back with the view, unprompted, at the next meeting. You committed to keeping a particular piece of information within the immediate team. It stays there.

None of these actions is remarkable in isolation. Collectively, they answer a question the client is continuously running in the background: Is this person reliable when no one is watching?

This matters more in consulting than in many other professional contexts because consulting engagements routinely involve information asymmetry. The client knows things about their organisation that you do not yet know. Whether they share those things, the real budget, the internal politics, the prior failures, depends entirely on whether they believe you will handle the information with care and follow through on what you say. That belief is not formed by your credentials. It is formed by the pattern of small behaviours in the first weeks of the engagement.

Charles Green, one of Maister’s co-authors on The Trusted Advisor, later developed what he called the Trust Equation, a framework for understanding what drives client trust in professional relationships. The equation identifies four components: credibility, reliability, intimacy, and self-orientation. Of these, reliability, doing what you say you will do consistently, in small things, is the component that advisers most frequently underestimate and clients most consistently weigh heavily in their assessments.3

The logic is straightforward. Credibility is claimed. Reliability is demonstrated. Clients have limited means to verify the former. They have continuous visibility into the latter.

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Putting It Together

The three behaviours are connected by a single underlying dynamic: trust is formed through observation, not declaration.

You cannot tell a client you are trustworthy. You cannot establish it through a credentials deck or a well-constructed proposal. You establish it through the small, unremarkable moments that occur continuously in the early weeks of an engagement, how you listen, where your attention sits, and whether you follow through on the things no one is tracking.

The difficulty is that these moments do not feel significant when they occur. That is precisely why they are effective signals. A client who sees a consultant slow down to understand rather than rushing to solve, maintain attention on the problem rather than their own performance, and keep commitments without being reminded is observing a pattern of behaviour that tells them something reliable about what the next twelve months will look like.

That pattern, once established, is the foundation for everything else, the candour, the access, the quality of information that makes the difference between good consulting and exceptional consulting.

The trust threshold is real. Most clients never announce it. The ones who do are typically the ones you never quite reach.

Where in your current engagements are you moving to solve before you have fully understood? And what might that be costing you?

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Footnotes

1 Schein, Edgar H. Humble Inquiry: The Gentle Art of Asking Instead of Telling. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2013. Chapter 2, “The Primacy of Humble Inquiry.”

2 See the broader literature on adviser attention orientation in professional service contexts, including work building on Maister, Green, and Galford’s foundational research.

3 Green, Charles H., and Andrea P. Howe. The Trusted Advisor Fieldbook. Wiley, 2012. Chapter 3, “The Trust Equation in Practice.”

Three reasons your expertise must lead your content

If your content sounds like everyone else’s, why would a client choose you over anyone else?

In March 2026, Harvard Business Review published an article with an uncomfortable question as its title: Has AI Ended Thought Leadership?1

The argument was pointed. As generative AI made it effortless for anyone to sound authoritative, professional networks began to fill with polished insights that rarely reflected real-world experience. The gap between people who talked about their industry and people who actually worked inside it had grown wide enough to be visible. Audiences were starting to feel it, not as a clear detection, but as a kind of ambient distrust. The content was articulate. Something was still missing.

The article’s conclusion was practical rather than philosophical. What created actual influence, it argued, wasn’t polished output. It was hands-on experimentation by practitioners willing to test ideas in real conditions, learn from failure, and share results without sanitising them. The tool was not the problem. The substitution was.

For consultants, the implication is direct. AI can produce volume. It cannot produce the specific insight that comes from sitting with a client at the point where their project is failing, understanding why, and knowing what to do next. That knowledge is yours. The question is whether you’re using AI to share it or to replace it.

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Your expertise took years to develop. Your content strategy should protect it, not dilute it. Here are three reasons why solo consultants who treat AI as an amplifier, not a ghostwriter, will win the visibility game in 2026.

Reason #1: Your IP Positions You Where AI Cannot Follow

There is a version of AI-powered content that any consultant can produce in minutes. It is grammatically correct, logically structured, and entirely forgettable. It says what is commonly known. It avoids what is genuinely hard. It sounds like the average of everything already written on the subject.

That is not a flaw in the technology. It is a feature of how the technology works. AI models are trained on what exists. They are not trained on what you know from ten or twenty years of solving problems that haven’t been written about yet, the workarounds you developed on a specific project, the failure modes you’ve learned to spot early, the mental models you’ve built from patterns no one else has had the same access to see.

This is what strategists mean when they talk about proprietary insight. Your intellectual property is not a document or a framework you’ve formalised. It is the accumulated judgment you carry into every engagement. And it is precisely the thing that AI cannot generate, because it does not exist in the training data.

The consultants building real authority in 2026 are not the ones producing the most content. They are the ones whose content contains observations that stop readers mid-scroll, because the observation is genuinely new. Research from Edelman’s 2025 B2B Thought Leadership Impact Study found that 54% of decision-makers spend more than one hour per week consuming thought leadership, and that low-quality content actively damages credibility with buyers, often more than having no content at all.2

The implication is clear. Publishing generic AI content is not a neutral act. It is a positioning decision that positions you as a commodity.

Use AI to structure, draft, and distribute. But bring the insight yourself. That is where your positioning lives, and it is the one place AI cannot follow.

Reason #2: Your Voice Produces Content AI Cannot Replicate

Content volume has increased by more than 50% since the widespread adoption of generative AI tools, and more than half of newly published articles are now written with AI assistance.3 The market has never been noisier. And paradoxically, authentic voice has never been more valuable.

This is not a soft observation about personality or style. It is a measurable commercial reality. Research published in the Journal of Marketing Research found that perceived authenticity in professional communications directly increases trust. That trust is the primary driver of referral behaviour in service businesses.4 For consultants, referrals are not a supplementary channel; they are typically the primary one.

The problem most consultants encounter is that they approach AI as a writing tool rather than as a production tool. They hand over a topic and ask for an article. What comes back sounds like an article. It does not sound like them. And because it does not sound like them, it does not build the kind of familiarity that converts a reader into a prospect.

The distinction is not subtle once you understand it. AI can mirror a style when given enough examples of it. What it cannot do is decide what you actually think, what you find genuinely interesting, which client situations keep coming up, or what you believe the conventional wisdom gets wrong. Those decisions are editorial, and editorial judgment is a human function.

The practical approach is straightforward. Write, dictate, or record your raw thinking first, even as rough notes or voice memos. Then use AI to structure, expand, and refine that material. The sequence matters. When AI operates on your thinking, the result sounds like you. When AI operates in place of your thinking, the result sounds like everyone else.

Your voice is not an asset you should outsource. It is the reason people follow you rather than someone else who covers the same territory.

Reason #3: Your Consistency Builds a Presence AI Cannot Fake

The most common content strategy failure among consultants is not poor quality. It is inconsistency. The pattern is familiar: a burst of activity, a period of silence, a renewed effort, another gap. From the outside, this comes across as unreliable. From the inside, it is usually a capacity problem.

This is where AI offers its most straightforward and legitimate value. Not as a substitute for expertise, but as a production system that makes consistency achievable without consuming the time that should be going to client work.

A solo consultant producing one substantive piece of content per week, a newsletter article, a LinkedIn post series, and a short analysis compounds that activity over time in ways that are difficult to replicate through any other means. LinkedIn’s own platform data shows that consistent creators build audiences at rates significantly higher than intermittent ones, with the compounding effect becoming pronounced after six to twelve months of regular publishing.

The operative word is consistent, not frequent. One post per week for two years outperforms five posts per week for two months by a considerable margin in reach, trust, and the quality of the relationships the content creates.

AI makes the production side of this manageable. Research, drafting, formatting, and repurposing are tasks where AI delivers genuine time savings without compromising the integrity of the content, provided the ideas originate with you. A 2025 study from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis found that workers using generative AI saved an average of 5.4% of their working hours, roughly two hours per week, with the largest gains coming from research and drafting tasks.5

Two hours per week, returned to a solo practice, is meaningful. It is the difference between content that happens occasionally and content that happens reliably. A reliable presence, grounded in expertise and an authentic voice, turns a professional network into a client pipeline.

Putting It Together

The three reasons are not independent. They reinforce each other.

Your IP gives you something worth saying. Your voice gives readers a reason to keep listening. Your consistency ensures they are still there when they are ready to hire you.

AI, used correctly, serves all three. It structures and distributes your IP without flattening it. It refines your voice without replacing it. It makes your consistency sustainable without making it mechanical.

The consultants who will build the strongest practices over the next three years are not the ones who use AI most aggressively. They are the ones who use it most strategically, as an amplifier for expertise that is genuinely theirs.

Imagine what becomes possible when your hard-won knowledge consistently reaches the right people, in your own voice, week after week. Not as occasional inspiration. It is a reliable signal of competence that compounds quietly in the background while you are doing the work you were hired to do.

What would change in your practice if the right people saw your best thinking every single week?

PS: I have created a Playbook to help you with your thought leadership:
The AI Amplifier Playbook

Footnotes

1 Has AI Ended Thought Leadership?

2 Edelman. 2025. B2B Thought Leadership Impact Study, https://www.edelman.com/expertise/Business-Marketing/2025-b2b-thought-leadership-report

3 VentureBean Consulting. 2026. “The New Rules of Influence: Thought Leadership in 2026,” VentureBean.com, 29 January 2026, https://venturebean.com/coaching/the-new-rules-of-influence-thought-leadership-in-2026/

4 See the broader literature on authenticity and trust in professional services, including work by researchers at institutions such as Harvard Business School on perceived authenticity in B2B contexts. For a practical summary, see also Edelman. 2025.

5 Alexander Bick, Adam Blandin, and David Deming, “The Impact of Generative AI on Work Productivity,” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, February 27, 2025, https://www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-economy/2025/feb/impact-generative-ai-work-productivity